Disaster Management

 Disaster Management

Disaster management is a process of effectively preparing for and responding to disasters. It involves 

• strategically organizing resources to lessen the caused by disasters. 
• a systematic approach to managing the responsibilities of disaster prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.

Disaster management efforts aim to reduce or avoid the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to the victims of a disaster, and achieve a rapid and effective recovery.

Disaster and Development

Disaster and Development

Historically it has been seen there has been an apparent increase in the number of natural disasters resulting in increasing losses due to urbanization and population growth. This is a rigid one-sided outlook of development that recognizes only growth aspect, without an eye on sustainability. In the context of definition of a disaster. we recognize only damage and destruction. 

With reference to the tsunami in 2004, Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Thailand suffered from non-ecologically sustainable over-development in coastal areas and India, Sumatra and North East Sri Lanka, suffered because affected pockets were inaccessible due to underdevelopment and impoverishment of the people. Such disastrous events have demonstrated that development has to continue, but with due concern for protection of the environment.

Science and technology should be fruitfully employed to control disasters. Alternatives should be generated by research and development in science and technology with emphasis on science and technology, especially information communication technology (ICT) for better understanding of disasters and better reach of disaster response efforts

Disasters and Development are interrelated, both in positive and negative ways. 

With regard to the relationship between disasters and development we can identify ‘four’

different dimensions to this relation:

1. Disasters can set back development by wiping out decades of economic and social development. Disasters can also limit social development. Disasters worsen poverty in communities.
2. Disasters can provide development opportunities by development policy in the aftermath period. Disasters can elevate the development potential of a society by becoming a catalyst for change in the form of reconstruction and social development as well as upgrading administrative capability and training of personnel involved. Ex: Reforestation programs after landslides and flash floods to check soil erosion, have spin off effects on other sectors, such as improved air quality, better flora and fauna, health and longevity for people, etc. These in-turn work as development programs in the form of more sources of income for the poor, enhanced employment opportunities, etc. Development opportunities often are compromised because of excessive focus on relief assistance. Disasters can also be a major vehicle for carrying out major development programs.
3. Development can increase vulnerability as Social and economic development can increase the vulnerability of the community to disaster risks. It has been shown time and again that economic development increases disaster risk. Rapid urbanisation has increased the vulnerability of the community. Urban development often leads to an influx of relatively low income groups, with large scale settlement of marginal land or in high density, poor quality housing. Marine and coastal zone development leads to population concentrations, exposed to possible storm surge, high wind, flash flood and landslide risks. 
4. Development can reduce vulnerability as demonstrated in the examples given below:
1. Disaster resistant technologies in buildings that are being newly constructed in Malaysia is a good example of development oriented towards risk reduction
2. Social development includes awareness/education to reduce human vulnerability and limit losses in a disaster
3. A literate and better-educated population, including women and girls, is better able to cope up effectively to any disaster by responding effectively to early warnings

Capacity

 Capacity

The International Strategy on Disaster Reduction (ISDR), United Nations (UN), defines Capacity “as a combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster. This involves managing resources, both in normal times as well as during crisis or adverse conditions. The strengthening of coping capacities usually builds resilience to withstand the effects of natural and induced hazards.”

It is widely believed that vulnerability and capacity should be integrated in all assessments with regard to disaster management. The severity of the impact of a disaster depends on the balance of vulnerability and capacity of a particular community.

As per the FAO directory, "Within the context of disaster management, development is defined as a process that reduces vulnerabilities and increases capacities".

The five categories involving Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (VCA) are:

1. Economic 
2. Natural
3. Physical
4. Human, and 
5. Social

Risk

Risk

“Risk” usually refers to the probability of loss of a ‘valued resource’. In the context of health and environmental risks, the word “risk”  integrates two ideas:

1. the potential for detrimental consequences and
2. the uncertainty associated with the circumstances

In the context of disaster management, risk implies application of knowledge to forewarn of disasters accurately and anticipate the risks involved with regard to land use management and project planning decisions in hazard prone areas so as to prevent/reduce impact. 

With regard to disaster terminology, Risk is defined as “the likelihood of a specified undesired event occurring within a specified period or in specified circumstances.

Risk = f (frequency or probability, consequence)

Frequency is usually expressed as events per year 

Probability is a number between 0 and 1

Consequence is usually measured in terms of either money or fatalities

Hazard is a potentially dangerous situation

Disaster is a hazard leading to a catastrophe

Vulnerability is the physical, social, economic, cultural or based on inclination to hazards

Risk is the harm likely from anticipated event and may be measured through comparative analysis of data collected over time and scientific simulation studies. Measurement of risk in disaster management is a complex issue.

Hazard

Hazard

According to the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), a hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may pose negative impacts on the economy, society, and ecology. It includes both natural factors and associated human factors.

A hazard can be defined as a potentially damaging physical event, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Hazards can be the creation of man or the environment. 

A hazard is always present and it simply acts as a catalyst to bring adverse effects into focus. A hazard is defined as a potential cause which is activated when the right configuration of factors present themselves. A hazard may or may not lead to an event. 

A hazard is defines as “a potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.” Hazards could be, natural (geological, hydro-meteorological and biological) or induced by human processes (environmental degradation and technological hazards).

Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Hence, Hazard analysis entails the identification, study and monitoring of a hazard to determine its potential, origin and characteristics. 

Hazards are generally classified as:

• Sudden onset hazards: geological and climatic hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, tropical storms, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
• Slow onset hazards: (environmental hazards) drought, famine, environmental degradation, desertification, deforestation, and pest infestation.
• Industrial/Technological: system failures/accidents, spillages, explosions, and fires.
• Wars and civil strife: armed aggression, insurgency, terrorism, and other actions leading to  displaced persons and refugees.
• Epidemics: water and/or food-born diseases, person-to-person diseases (contact and respiratory spread), vector-born diseases and complications from wounds.

Hazards could also be classified as direct and indirect. 

Examples of "Direct Hazards" include:

• Ground shaking
• Differential ground settlement
• Soil liquefaction
• Immediate landslides or mud slides, ground lurching and avalanches
• Permanent ground displacement along faults
• Floods from tidal waves, sea surges & tsunamis

Examples of "Indirect hazards" include:

• Dam failures
• Pollution from damage to industrial plants
• Delayed landslides.

Site risks in an earthquake prone area include:

• Slope risks
• Natural dams (formed by landslides in irregular topographic areas and are susceptible to collapse when filled leading to catastrophic avalanches after strong seismic shaking)
• Volcanic activity

Hazards can also be classified as long-term of short-term as per the classification proposed by K. Smith

Identification of hazards involves analyses of scientific data to trace the causal path of

events leading to a disaster.

QUIZ - 2

QUIZ - 2

1. List the important human factors that influence disaster severity
2. How are disasters a precursor to scientific advancements leading to development
3. List the factors affecting vulnerability to disasters
4. List the impact of disasters on dams and embankments
5. Define "climate change adaptation" and list a few examples of the same
6. Define "indigenous knowledge"
7. List a few appropriate technologies used in disaster management
8. Define Disaster Risk Management
9. List the components of disaster relief
10. What is disaster management policy
11. List few policies related to disaster management
12. List policies related to disaster management other than disaster management act 2005 and disaster management policy
13. List the priority themes of the sendai framework
14. List the programs related to disaster management
    

HW-Qs

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

Assignment 1 (HW#01, HW#02 & HW#03)

HW# 01

Q1. Write about natural vs man made disasters with examples

Q2. Explain the classification of droughts

HW# 02

Q1. Give a detailed classification of disasters

Q2. Write about heat waves and cold waves

HW# 03

Q1. Write about culture of safety

Q2. Write briefly about the roles and responsibilities of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in disaster management

Assignment 2 (HW#04 & HW#05)
HW#04

Q1.Briefly describe the interrelationship between disasters and development
Q2.What are the various factors affecting vulnerability to disasters

HW#05

Q1. Briefly explain the vulnerability profile of India
Q2.Briefly explain the institutional arrangements with respect to disaster risk management in India

Impacts of disasters

IMPACTS OF DISASTERS

The primary impact of disasters is destruction of the environment. Environment encompasses the physical environment with all the natural sources and the living environment covering all the plants, animals and microorganisms. The social, economic, political, environmental, human health and psychosocial impacts of disasters are discussed below.

SOCIAL IMPACTS OF DISASTERS

Disasters can be extremely stressful, disruptive and traumatic for the affected people in a community. Social impacts of disasters is reflected in people experiencing increased mental health issues, alcohol misuse, domestic violence, chronic diseases, unemployment, family violence and environmental damage. Disasters entail social costs larger than direct financial impacts. Social impacts of disasters can be unbelievably stressful, disruptive and traumatic for the affected people. Entire communities can be uprooted, friends and family divided along with loss of homes, livelihoods and lives. People may experience shock and disbelief, fear and apprehension, anger, shame and guilt in the early days after a disastrous event. The cocial impacts of disasters can be summarized as:

• Changes in individual's role
• Disruption of social fabric
• Isolation
• Change in marital status
• Sexual abuse and domestic violence
• Orphans
• Single parent children
• Family and social disorganization
• Migration
• Lifestyle changes
• Breakdown of traditional social status

 ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF DISASTERS

On the surface, natural disasters cause serious damage and appear to be bad for the economy. They destroy tangible assets as well as the human capital. Sometimes, the damage is severe enough to cause closure of companies and manufacturing facilities. However, the academic evidence concerning the economic impacts of disasters is mixed. Certain studies report that natural disasters may promote growth. This is because of improvement of productivity of the corporate sector of the economy due to updation of capital stock coupled with adoption of new technologies. This is called 'creative destruction'. If natural disasters expel inefficient firms (following the law of natural selection), the average corporate productivity increases.
In conclusion, the recovery of the economy after natural disasters is closely intertwined with policy measures taken and the underlying economic conditions.The economic impacts of disasters can be summarized as:

• Loss of life
• Unemployment
• Loss of livelihood
• Loss of property or land
• Loss of household articles
• Loss of Crops
• Loss of public infrastructure

 POLITICAL IMPACTS OF DISASTERS

Natural disasters generally affect an individuals political trust and satisfaction with the government. Past research has studied the impact of disasters on long-term political impact of government and its policies. This has been achieved by way of examining retrospective voting and changes in attitudes towards civic engagement. At times, the effects on political trust occur immediately after a natural disaster.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DISASTERS

The environmental impacts of earthquakes are listed below:

• Collapsing buildings, property damage, loss of power, mudslides, floods, tsunamis, erosion, heavy flooding of inland areas, contaminated water supply, loss of habitat, toxic gases released into the environment, diseases, 
• Water resources may be contaminated with toxins or  be rendered unusable for human consumption
• Any disaster has an adverse impact on the local biodiversity and forestry
• There might be occurrences of landslides, avalanches and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)
• The built environment may be damaged to different extents at different locations
• The health, safety and well-being of human beings and live stock may be put to grave danger
• The groundwater resources are at a risk of being contaminated
• The disaster may damage the hydro-power projects

HEALTH IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
Any disaster natural or man-made invariably has an adverse effect on human health. Health impacts due to disasters may be broadly classified as:

• Physical injuries and
• Infectious diseases due to inhalation of contaminated (particulate matter or toxic gases) air or ingestion of contaminated (particulate matter or toxins or infectious worms/microorganisms/parasites) water
• Other hazardous situations (slippery terrain, etc)

PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACTS OF DISASTERS

• Any disastrous event is beyond the scope of normal human experience causes traumatic stress
• More than 90% of the people affected by a disaster show untoward psychological effects
• The extent and severity of the event affect the likelihood of people suffering from  the effects of the disaster
• Some of the vulnerability factors include:
• Witnessing death
• Being trapped
• Stigmatization of victims
• Lack of availability of social support networks
• People may suffer from psychological and behavioural syndrome
• People may be affected with psychological disorders
• People may suffer from persistent insomnia, anxiety, PTSD and depression
• self-destructive coping skills that include excessive alcohol and substance use and excessive work
• Despair, panic, survival guilt
• Inappropriate anger or resentment
• Aggressive or assaultive behaviour
• Lack of regard for other's comfort or dignity 
• Being uncooperative, defiant, rigid when dealing with problems or responding to requests for help
• Unprofessional demeanor
• Recurrent conflicts
• Difficulty with authority
• Inability to ask for or receive help
• Irritability, moodiness, verbal abuse
• Isolation
• Physical deterioration
• Distress
• Flashback
• Intrusion/Avoidance
• Hatred/Revenge
• Dependence/Insecurity
• Grief/Withdrawal/Isolation
• Guilt feeling
• Hypervigilance
• Lack of trust
• Helplessness
• Hoplessness

Causes of disasters

CAUSES OF DISASTERS

The various disasters and their causes are discussed below:

• Earthquakes: An Earthquake is caused by the sudden release of slowly accumulating strain energy along a fault in the Earth's crust. Areas of surface or underground that can experience Earthquakes are known as fault zones.
• Volcano: A volcano is caused due to sudden displacement of lava beneath the Earth's crust. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are converging or diverging. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust. Volcanoes are classified as active volcano, dormant volcano and extinct volcano
• Cyclones: When water vapourises, it absorbs heat from the surroundings. Water vapour rises up and cools-down. The cooling water vapour releases heat and warms the atmosphere around it. The warm air rises and causes a drop in pressure. Air moves from surrounding high-pressure area to central low-pressure area. This cycle is repeated leading to the formation of a very low pressure system surrounded by very high-speed winds leading to the formation of a cyclone
• Floods: Flood is a natural occurrence where normally dry land is submerged in water. Floods may occur due to overflow of rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, dam breakage, clogged drains, excessive rain or melting of snow.
• Landslides: A landslide refers to downward movement of large masses of rock, soil, mud and organic debris. Landslides are caused due to the influence of gravity acting on weakened material that make-up sloping area of land. The triggering events for a landslide are Earthquakes or heavy rainfall. Excessive water or deforestation are the primary triggers for landslides
• Unrest / Conflicts / Wars: Wars have been a major source of disasters since the beginning of civilization. A few of the major reasons for war have been over natural resources, wealth, politically motivated or religious or social identity. In wars no party emerges victorious, the only end with destruction of natural resources
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Classification of disasters

CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS

Disasters are classified (based on source or origin) into:

1. Natural disasters and
2. Man-made disasters

Natural disasters are further classified (based on the location of their occurrence) into:

1. Terrestrial disasters and
2. Extraterrestrial disasters

Terrestrial disasters are classified into:

1. Endogenic disasters (examples of this type are listed below)
1. Earthquakes
2. Volcanoes
2. Exogenic disasters (examples of this type are listed below)
1. Atmospheric disasters
1. Drought
2. Rainfall
3. Snowfall
4. Winds
5. Hailstorms
2. Hydrospheric disasters (examples of this type are listed below)
1. Wave currents
2. Tsunamis
3. Floods
3. Lithospheric disasters (examples of this type are listed below)
1. Landslides
2. Weathering
3. Erosion
4. Silting
5. Avalanches
3. Biotic disasters
1. Floral disasters
2. Faunal disasters
3. Anthropogenic disasters (Human induced)
1. Physical disasters
1. Earthquake
2. Landslide
3. Erosion
2. Chemical disasters
1. Release of toxic chemical
2. Nuclear explosion
3. Biological disasters
1. Eutrophication
2. Population explosion

• Endogenic disasters originate under the surface of the Earth
• Exogenic disasters take place at the Earth's surface and are very destructive
• Biotic disasters occur due to activities of living organisms (Plants, animals or human beings)

Natural and Man-made disasters

Natural and man-made disasters

• Disaster is a sudden calamitous event that brings great damage, loss and destruction. In case of natural disasters steps can be taken to minimize the effects. Man made disasters can be avoided by careful planning and applying prevention methods. 
• Natural disasters are the destructive forces of nature that have a severe impact on the environment. Examples of natural disasters are blizzards, cyclones, earthquakes, famines, floods, landslides, tornadoes, tsunamis, volcanoes, wildfires, bushfires, etc.
• Manmade disasters are the hazards caused by human activities leading to the loss of life and property as well as damage to the country's economy and productive capacity. Examples of this kind are environmental pollution, terrorism, destruction of property, widespread hunger, road and rail accidents, bomb explosion, chemical spills, industrial accidents, nuclear accidents caused by by complex anthropogenic interacrions.
• Disasters can be classified based on their causative factors:
• Natural disasters are caused by natural forces while man made disasters are caused by activities of human beings. 
• Both types of disasters have a major impact on the society. 
• Examples of man-made disasters are 
• leakage of toxic chemical (MIC - Methyl Iso Cyanide) from the UCIL plant in Bhopal, India. 
• The great London smog of 1952 is another example of man-made disaster. The main cause for this disaster was severe air pollution and it resulted in the death of more than 6000 people aside from respiratory problems.