Climate change adaptation

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

Climate change adaptation is a response to global warming in order to reduce the vulnerability of social and biological systems to relatively sudden change and thus offset the effects of global warming. Global warming and its effects are bound to last many years, and adaptation would be necessary to the resulting changes in climate. Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are predicted to face the effects of global warming. This capacity and potential for humans to adapt is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations. The developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt. Adaptation requires the situational assessment of sensitivity and vulnerability to environmental impacts.

Adaptive capacity is closely linked to social and economic development. The economic costs of adaptation to climate change are likely to cost billions of dollars annually for the next several decades.  The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference, called COP 16 was held in Cancún, Mexico where several donor countries promised an annual $100 billion by 2020 through the Green Climate Fund for developing countries to adapt to climate change. However, although the fund set up during COP16 in Cancún, concrete pledges by developed countries have not been readily available as major donors like the USA have decided to stop contributing to the fund.

However, the adaptation challenge grows with the magnitude and the rate of climate change. In another response to climate change called climate mitigation suggests reduction of Green House Gases (GHG) emissions or removal of these gases from the atmosphere through carbon sinks. It is now evident that reduction in emissions would not prevent further climate change impacts. Hence climate adaptation is the only option left.

In the absence of mitigation efforts, the effects of climate change would make adaptation for some natural ecosystems impossible. Climate adaptation programs may interfere with existing development programs leading to unintended consequences for vulnerable groups. Some examples of climate change adaptation are-

• Prioritizing adaptation efforts in communities that have higest vulnerability
• Predicting climate change related trends based on assessment of current risk, vulnerability and climate variability
• Integrate long-term sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies
• Strengthening existing capacities
• Developing robust mobilization mechanisms and ensure financial and technical support to local disaster management officials
• Arrange improved and tested early warning systems, contingency plans along with integrated response to ensure effective community based adaptation and risk reduction
• Disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation cannot managed as individual events. They are inevitably interlinked
• The community should be aware of relevant risks thatt should be quantifiable
• Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction should be factored in all divisions
• Capacity building efforts should take place at local, regional, national and international levels
• Workers at the site help in achieving rescue efforts on the ground while international donors, agencies along with national governments play an important role in establishing an environment conducive to channel resources and technical support wher it is required.
• International agencies like the red cross, help at the local level by their extensive volunteer base and long presence in communities

Hazard and vulnerability profile of India

HAZARD AND VULNERABILITY PROFILE OF INDIA

Indian sub-continent has unique geo-climatic and socio-political conditions that make it vulnerable to both the natural as well as manmade disasters. Around 6% of the population of India is impacted annually by the exposures to disasters. They Key natural disasters in India include floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides and avalanches that have resulted in loss of lives and livelihoods.

The key vulnerabilities of India include-

Coastal States, particularly in the East Coast and Gujarat on west coast are vulnerable to cyclones

 

4 crore hectare land mass is vulnerable to floods and river erosion.
 

68 per cent of net sown area is vulnerable to drought.
 

55 per cent of total area is in Seismic Zones III-V and vulnerable to earthquakes of moderate to high density. 

Vulnerability to disasters or emergencies of Chemical, Biological Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) origin has increased on account of socioeconomic development. The changing climate also worsens the vulnerabilities. The occurrence of heat waves, cold waves, floods, droughts, intense cyclones and flash floods is getting increased due to climate change and global warming.

 India's hazard profile


India is prone to disasters due to a number of factors; both natural and human-induced, including adverse geo-climatic conditions, topographic features, environmental degradation, population growth, urbanisation, industrialisation, non-scientific development practices etc. Various hazards to which India is prone to can be broadly divided into three categories-

1.  Hydrological or climate related
2. Geological and 
3. Technological hazards.

Hydrological or climate related hazards

FLOODS
Floods can be caused by heavy rainfall, inadequate capacity of rivers to carry the high flood discharge, inadequate drainage to carry away the rainwater quickly to streams/ rivers. ice jams or landslides blocking streams, typhoons and cyclones etc. Further, flash floods occur because of high rate of water flow particularly in areas with less permeability of soil.
Over 40 million hectare of landmass in India is prone to floods. Nearly 75% of the total annual rainfall is concentrated over a short south-west monsoon season of three to four months from June to September. As a result there is a very heavy discharge from the rivers during this period causing widespread floods. Flood problem is chronic in at least 10 states. From October to December each year, a very large area of South India, including Tamil Nadu, the coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh and the union territory of Puducherry, receives up to 30 percent of its annual rainfall from the northeast monsoon (or winter monsoon). These have caused devesatiing floods in Chennai in 2015. Most devastating floods in recent times have been the 2013 Assam floods, 2013 Uttarakhand Floods, 2012 Brahamputra Floods etc.

CYCLONES

India has a very long coastline which is exposed to tropical cyclones arising in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Indian Ocean is one of the six major cyclone-prone regions in the world. In India cyclones occur usually in April-May, and also between October and December. The Eastern coastline is more prone to cyclones as about 80 percent of total cyclones generated in the region hit there.  The worst hitting cyclones have been the Andhra Pradesh cyclone of November 1977 and the super cyclone of Odisha in the year 1999. The impact of the cyclones is mainly confined to the coastal districts, the maximum destruction being within 100 Km. from the centre of the cyclones and on either side of the storm track.  The principal dangers from a cyclone include the gales and strong winds; torrential rain and high tidal waves (storm surges). Most casualties are caused by coastal inundation by tidal waves and storm surges.

HEAT WAVES, COLD WAVES and FOG

Heat waves refer to the extreme positive departure from the maximum temperature in summers. The fatalities caused by heat waves have increased in recent decades.  The problem of heat wave is compounded by a decrease in diurnal temperature Range (DTR). In urban areas, the heat wave is increasing gaining notoriety for more and more fatalities. Cold waves occur mainly due to the extreme low temperature coupled with incursion of dry cold winds from north-west. Most affected areas of country due to the cold waves include the western and north-western regions and also Bihar, UP directly affected by the western disturbances.


THUNDERSTORM, HAILSTORM and DUST STORM
India’s central, north-eastern, north-western and northern parts are generally affected by these. The southern coastal areas are less prone to thunderstorms, hailstorms and dust storms. The hailstorms are more frequent in Assam, Uttarakhand and some parts of Maharashtra. Dust storms are common in Rajasthan, MP and Haryana. Tornadoes are rare in India.

DROUGHTS


Drought refers to the situation of less moisture in the soil (which makes the land unproductive) and scarcity of water for drinking, irrigation, industrial uses and other purposes, usually caused by deficient/less than average rainfall over a long period of time. Some states of India feature the perennial drought such as Rajasthan, Odisha, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh etc.
Sixteen percent of the country’s total area is drought-prone and approximately 50 million people are affected annually by droughts. In India about 68 percent of net sown area in the country is drought-prone. Most of the drought-prone areas identified by the Government of India lie in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas of the country. In the arid and semi-arid zones, very severe droughts occur once in every eight to nine years.

GEOLOGICAL DISASTERS

EARTHQUAKES

Earthquake is almost impossible to be predicted, so it is the most destructive of all natural disasters. It is almost impossible to make arrangements and preparations against damages and collapses of buildings and other man-made structures hit by an earthquake. More than half of India’s total area is vulnerable to seismic activity of varying intensities.
The most vulnerable regions are located in the Himalayan, Sub-Himalayan belt and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The Himalayan ranges are among world’s youngest fold mountains so the subterranean Himalayans are geologically very active.  The Himalayan frontal arc, flanked by the Arakan Yoma fold belt in the east and the Chaman fault in the west make one of the seismically active regions in the world.


TSUNAMI

Tsunami refers to the displacement of a large volume of a body of water such as Ocean. Most Tsunamis are seismically generated, result of abrupt deformation of sea floor resulting vertical displacement of the overlying water.
The Tsunami waves are small in amplitude and long wavelength (often hundred of kilometers long). The east and west coasts of India and the island regions are likely to be affected by Tsunamis generated mainly by subduction zone related earthquakes from the two potential source regions, viz. the Andaman-Nicobar-Sumatra Island Arc and the Makran subduction zone north of Arabian Sea.


LANDSLIDES 

Landslides are common in India in Himalayan region as well as Western Ghats. The Himalayan ranges are among the youngest fold mountains of world. They comprise a series of seven curvilinear parallel folds running along a grand arc of around 3400 kilometers. The landslides in this region are probably more frequent than any other areas in the world.
The Western Ghats, particularly Nilgiri hills also are notorious for frequent landslides.

INDUSTRIAL, CHEMICAL & NUCLEAR DISASTERS

The industrial and chemical disasters can occur due to accident, negligence or incompetence. They may result in huge loss to lives and property. The Hazardous industries and the workers in these industries are particularly vulnerable to chemical and industrial disasters.
The most significant chemical accidents in recorded history was the 1984 Bhopal Gas disaster, in which more than 3,000 people were killed after a highly toxic vapour, (methyl isocyanate), was released at a Union Carbide pesticides factory.
 

India’s Hazard Profile India is prone to disasters due to a number of factors; both natural and human-induced, including adverse geo-climatic conditi

Structural and Non-structural solutions

STRUCTURAL AND NON-STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS

There is a large gap between the groups who prefer “structural” solutions to disaster management and those who prefer “non- structural” solutions.

• Structural solutions include engineered solutions such as redesigning buildings and designing physical barriers to disaster events to reduce damage.  Non-structural solutions include social solutions such as early warning, evacuation planning, and emergency response preparedness.

• Structural groups, which are often comprised of engineers insist that only structural solutions can surely prevent countries from economic loss and can contribute to the development of the nation.

• Structural measures are any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, or the application of engineering techniques or technology to achieve hazard resistance and resilience in structures or systems.

• Common structural measures for disaster risk reduction include dams, flood levies, ocean wave barriers, earthquake-resistant construction and evacuation shelters

• Structural solutions can protect peoples lives and property 

• Structural measures refer to any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, or application of engineering techniques to achieve hazard-resistance and resilience in structures or systems

• Non-structural groups rely on early warnings, quick evacuations and emergency response

• Common non-structural measures include building codes, land-use planning laws and their enforcement, research and assessment, information resources and public awareness programmes.  

• Non-structural measures include any measure not involving physical construction that uses knowledge, practice or agreement to reduce risks and impacts, in particular through policies and laws, public awareness raising, training and education.

• Immediate emergency response after a disaster through non-structural solutions is a popular “investment” to get support without any financial expense

Factors affecting Vulnerability

FACTORS AFFECTING VULNERABILITY

The following factors affect vulnerability

• POVERTY

The widening gap between rich and poor, rural and urban incomes and hence the disparity in living standards can be witnessed in the flood plains of developing countries. landowners with marginal, degraded land, frequent flooding can decrease the returns from cultivating the land, thus reducing food security. The rural poor who depend on incomes from farming or other agricultural activities, with no savings to help them them get back on their feet after a disturbance or pay for basic needs, are often obliged to migrate to the cities and are driven into debt. Newcomers to an urban setting, not being able to afford safe locations in the city, are obliged to settle in makeshift dwellings in informal settlements on marginal lands near the river or other drainages that  are extremely vulnerable to flooding.

• LIVELIHOOD

 The principal livelihoods of communities living in rural flood plains are mainly farming and fishing. However, recurring floods threaten their stability of the their livelihoods owing to the loss of farm products or limited access to the markets for their products in the absence of adequate transport infrastructure. The landless poor, working as hired labourers, particularly during long flood seasons, have trouble finding jobs to meet their basic needs.

• CULTURAL BELIEFS:

Some cultural beliefs and fatalistic attitudes contribute to a community’s vulnerability. In some societies, natural disasters are considered to be acts of God and taken as if there is nothing human beings could do to prevent hazards from turning into disasters. Lack of faith in the social system and lack of confidence in the ability to manage flood risks manifests itself in resistance to any such change.  

• EQUITY:

Unequal distribution of resources and access to human rights can lead to conflicts and discontent, and in turn, the deterioration of social systems. For example, individuals who are denied the right to freedom of association and access to information may be precluded from discussing issues related to flood preparedness and mitigation planning, receiving essential fundamental services and taking preventive measures to protect themselves from flood hazards.In areas where flood diversion works are in place it may so happen that flood water are redirected into areas where poorer sections of the society with less political influence settle.

• GENDER

In societies where the decision-making power resides solely with the men of the family, ignoring the wisdom and experience of women and denying or limiting them the adequate access to knowledge and capacity development schemes, which otherwise may be available to men, can deny the society the use of such human resources and contribute to women’s vulnerability in terms of personal security, health and well being, economic security and livelihoods.

• WEAKER SOCIAL GROUPS

In a society made up of various social groups, the needs of each group differ. Children, women, elderly and disabled people have unique group features that may add to their vulnerabilities in particular situations, such as during evacuation, sheltering, relief distribution and the rehabilitation process.

Interrelationship between disasters and development

INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISASTERS AND DEVELOPMENT

The severity of a disaster depends on both the physical nature of the extreme event and the nature of the human populations affected by the event. Different people, even within the same region, have different vulnerability to natural hazards. The important human factors that tend to influencedisasts er severity are-

• Wealth affects vulnerability in several ways
• The poor cannot afford housing that withstands extreme weather
• They do not have insurance policies and cannot afford resources needed for disaster response
• They do not have access to health care
• However, 
• Coastal areas have expensive beachside real estate populated by the rich making them highly vulnerable to tsunamis, storm surge and other coastal hazards
• The rich lose more money due to disasters since they have valuable property at stake
• Ex- Hurricane Katrina- wealthy people, higher monetary damage fewer deaths. Cyclone Nargis - poor people, lower monetary damage, heavy death toll
• Education is an important factor in hazard impacts
• Education teaches how to avoid or reduce impacts due to disasters
• Literate people can pass written messages and spread word about hazards or specific disasters
• literate people can educate a population about hazards in order to reduce its vulnerability
• If the community contains professionals trained in hazards, they can help populations in hazard preparation and response
• Governance
• Formal and informal governments can develop policies that reduce vulnerability
• The governmentcan establish agencies like NDMA that should be made responsible for reducing vulnerability
• Support education and awareness efforts and reduce poverty by economic development

• Technology
• Technology can be used to improve forecasting of extreme events, withstand and recover from the impacts
• Technology is closely linked to wealth, education and governance
• Wealthier and educated societies have more advanced technologies
• Age
• Childern and elderly  have less physical strength and are susceptible to diseases
• Elderly have declining vision and hearing leading to vulnerability and children have less education
• Children and elderly have limited financial resources and are dependent on others for survival
• Gender
• Women are more vulnerable to natural hazards than men as they are poor, less educated and politically marginalized
• Women face additional burden as caretakers of the family
• In case of a disaster, women are made responsible to take care of children and the aged
• All the above mentioned factors makes women less mobile and are likely to experience dangerous situations

1. Disasters hamper development as all resources are diverted in responding to a disaster.
2. A disaster is a signal to the community to develop resilient systems to face disasters in future. In this sense, disasters are a precursor to scientific advancement  that leads to development

Differential Impacts

DIFFERENTIAL IMPACTS

The term, 'differential impacts' refers to the discriminatory impacts experienced by different individuals, groups or communities when faced with an event with damaging consequences. With respect to the consequences of disasters (natural or man-made), a community or society can be broadly classified into the following groups-

• Females
• Males
• Affluent
• Poor
• Labourers
• Disabled
• Children
• Old people.

Each group has their weaknesses that make them vulnerable to disasters. Another aspect that complicates the issue of diiferential impacts is that the above classification is not rigid. A certain group can be sub-divided into groups or may fall within another group. For example, the group called 'females' consists of babies, girls, young ladies or old and infirm women. Also, all the groups fall under one broad group called 'human beings'. Hence the effects of a damaging event has different impacts on different individuals in different groups. A simple list of different impacts on different people is listed below-

1. Old people, the disabled and babies will not be in a position to save themselves against any disaster without support. This group of people are extremely vulnerable (health-wise) to the slightest adverse conditions
2. Young males can easily resist adverse conditions and help save others along with playing an important role in response, rescue, recovery and reconstruction work. The labourers could be male or female and have better survival instincts due to extensive physical work in the open
3. Among the affluent and the poor, the poor are continuously exposed to stressful living conditions and are better adapted to face the hardships encountered in disasters while the affluent are adapted to a luxurious lifestyle and will not be able to adjust to the harsh environment in the aftermath of a disastrous event.

Climate change

CLIMATE CHANGE

• Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that last for at least a few decades, and maybe for millions of years. The climate system is comprised of five interacting parts, the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere.
• The climate change phenomenon refers to seasonal changes over a long period with respect to the growing accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
• Global climate  has been changing and the trends indicate that the world might experience the increasing intensity of climate change in the form of hotter and longer summers coupled with shorter and warmer winters.
• Some of the climate change indicators are-
• Average national and global temperatures
• Global precipitation trends
• Drought
• Ocean heat
• Sea surface temperature
• Melting glaciers, Arctic sea ice and Antarctic sea ice
• Heat related illnesses and deaths
• Lyme disease
• West nile virus
• Wildfires
• Climate change has brought many environmental risks to human health, such as ozone layer depletion, loss of biodiversity, increased pressures on food-producing systems and spread of infectious diseases. The three main categories of climate change impact on human health are:
  (a)   Direct impact (e.g. as a result of heatwaves, large-scale air pollution, natural disasters).
  (b)  Impact on ecosystems and environmental relationships (e.g. damage to agricultural crops, overabundance of mosquitoes, depletion of marine species).
  (c)   Indirect impact (e.g. poverty, displacement, conflict over resources such as water, post-disaster epidemics).
    
• Hence it is evident that trend with respect to climate change is  incresingly intense.

Complex emergencies

COMPLEX EMERGENCIES

A complex emergency is a major humanitarian crisis that is often the result of a combination of political instability, conflict and violence, social inequities and underlying poverty. Complex emergencies are essentially political in nature and can erode the cultural, civil, political and economic stability of societies, particularly when the situation is worsenes by natural hazards and diseases such as HIV and AIDS, which further deteriorate livelihoods and worsen poverty.

• For example, in Somalia, more than two decades of civil conflict resulted in loss or damage.
• Some disasters can result from several different hazards or, more often, to a complex combination of both natural and man-made causes and different causes of vulnerability.
• Examples being, food insecurity, epidemics, conflicts and displaced populations

A humanitarian crisis in a country, region or society where there is total or considerable breakdown of authority resulting from internal or external conflict and which requires an international response that goes beyond the mandate or capacity of any single agency and/or the ongoing UN country program (Inter-Agency Standing Committee).

Such “complex emergencies” are typically characterized by:

• -extensive violence and loss of life;
• -displacements of populations;
• -widespread damage to societies and economies;
• -the need for large-scale, multi-faceted humanitarian assistance;
• -the hindrance or prevention of humanitarian assistance by political and military constraints;
• -significant security risks for humanitarian relief workers in some areas.

On a national level, conflict may involves warlike encounters between armed groups from the same country which take place within the borders. Such outbreaks of war may pose large-scale medical problems such as epidemics, lack of water, accumulation of rubbish, displaced persons, refugees, food shortage, hunger etc.

Internationally, war may break out between two or more armies from different countries. Similarly such conflict may cause large scale mass movements of refugees and displaced persons.
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of war and internal violence and to provide them with assistance. It directs and coordinates the international relief activities conducted by the Movement in situations of conflict. It also endeavours to prevent suffering by promoting and strengthening humanitarian law and universal humanitarian principles.

A complex emergency is an emergency situation where government services have broken down. These situations don’t have to be caused by conflict, but conflict is often a part of the problem.

Emergencies are challenging by nature, but  become especially complicated when there’s no (or very little) government structure. 

That means NGOs [non-governmental organizations are missing their most important partner, and people often can’t access the help they need to recover.

The global trend in the case of complex emergencies have generally shown an increasing trend as evidenced by the statistics. This can be justified by:

Population explosion

 For example:

Pandemics

PANDEMICS

A pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease.An influenza pandemic occurs when a new influenza virus emerges and spreads around the world, and most people do not have immunity. 

Viruses that have caused past pandemics typically originated from animal influenza viruses.
Some aspects of influenza pandemics can appear similar to seasonal influenza while other characteristics may be quite different. For example, both seasonal and pandemic influenza can cause infections in all age groups, and most cases will result in the person recovering fully without treatment. However, typical seasonal influenza causes the most deaths among the elderly while other severe cases occur most commonly in people with a variety of medical conditions.

By contrast, the H1N1 pandemic caused most of its severe or fatal disease in younger people, both those with chronic conditions as well as healthy persons. It also caused many more cases of viral pneumonia than is normally seen with seasonal influenza.

In case of both seasonal and pandemic influenza, the total number of people who get severely ill can vary. However, the impact or severity tends to be higher in pandemics partly because of the much larger number of people in the population who lack pre-existing immunity to the new virus. In case of both seasonal and pandemic influenza, the highest levels of activity is expected to occur in the usual influenza season for an area. (In the temperate climate zones, this is usually the winter months). 

In the case of H1N1 pandemic, there were large outbreaks in the summer. Below listed are a few pandemics that occurred in the past:

• HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC (AT ITS PEAK, 2005-2012)
• FLU PANDEMIC (1968)
• ASIAN FLU (1956-1958)
• FLU PANDEMIC (1918)
• SIXTH CHOLERA PANDEMIC (1910-1911)
• FLU PANDEMIC (1889-1890)
• THIRD CHOLERA PANDEMIC (1852–1860)
• THE BLACK DEATH (1346-1353)
• PLAGUE OF JUSTINIAN (541-542)
• ANTONINE PLAGUE (165 AD)

Historical data indicates that there is no set global trend in case of occurrence of pandemics. Pandemics occur randomly and in a staggered fashion throughout the globe. However, whenever they occur, they ensure severe financial and human resource loss. Whenever pandemics occur, they have shown an increasing trend in terms of losses.

R&R_st_ctr_othrStkHldr

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STATE, CENTRE & OTHER STAKEHOLDERS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Roles & Responsibilities of state in disaster management

1. The State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) is set up under the chairmanship of chief minister.
2. The responsibility of rescue, relief and rehabilitation lies with the state government.
3. When the calamity is of a severe nature and the Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) is not sufficient the states may approach the central government for additional assistance from the National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF).
4. Work is delegated to the relief commissioner who is in-charge of relief and rehabilitation measures. He functions under the directive of the state level committee.
5. Below the state government is the district level disaster management authority (DDMA) which is responsible for actual  the ground work relief. The district magistrate, district collector and deputy commissioner coordinate and supervise the relief work.
6. The district disaster management committee comprising of officers from health, irrigation, veterinary, police, fire services, water and sanitation takes decisions on relief measures and these decisions are carried out by the disaster management team.
   

Roles & Responsibilities of centre in disaster management

1. The central government supplements the efforts of the state government by providing financial and logistic support in case of major disasters.
2. Depending on the gravity of the situation, the centre decides the scale of operations.
3. All natural disasters are coordinated by the ministry of home affairs. Only drought is taken care of by the ministry of agriculture
4. Different types of man-nade disasters are handled by the respective central government ministries. For example - Air accidents are handled by ministry of civil aviation, railway accidents are handled by ministry of railways, chemical, biological and nuclear disasters are handled by ministry of home affairs and epidemics are handled by ministry of health and family affairs.
5. The prime minister, ministers of the union cabinet and the National Crisis Management Committee are collectively responsible for the decisions taken for disaster management.

Roles & Responsibilities of other stakeholders in disaster management
Other stakeholders refers to people or entities who have a financial interest. They can be affected by actions, objectives and policies. Some examples of stakeholders are creditors, company directors, employees, owners (shareholders), suppliers and unions from which the business draws its resources. The stakeholders may be internal (employees, manager, owner) or external (Suppliers, Society, Government, Creditors, Shareholders, Customers). When a disaster strikes an area causing extensive damage to private company buildings and or manufacturing industries, the stakeholders have a few roles and responsibilities as listed below-

1. The stakeholders should engage in contingency planning taking worst case scenario under consideration
2. Disaster Risk Management (DRM) present mechanisms for emergency coordination that should be practiced/rehersed for familiarity with the role and processes to be followed
3. Communication, Interoperability and Interagency coordination are critical and essential to everyday Disaster Risk Management (DRM)
4. Each stakeholder has responsibilities in different phases of disaster
5. Stakeholders promote disaster prevention and mitigation using a risk-based and all-hazards approach
6. The community is the most important stakeholder in the disaster management process
7. Mock drills and exercises for different disasters are essential for role clarity of stakeholders and for synergising coordination of various emergency support functions
8. Coordination of efforts amongst various government departments and stakeholders generates synergy and involves bringing together agencies and functionaries to ensure effective performance

R&R of community

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMMUNITY IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

The community that faces a disaster should be a part of the complete disaster management process. The community knows its environment better than anyone else. Additionally, senior citizens will be aware of incidents that had occurred in the past. The community should be made aware of its history with respect to disasters along with providing necessary inputs to identify hazards and risks. The responsibilities of the community towards disaster management are listed below-

1. Engage in public awareness campaigns about disasters.
2. In case of any disaster, the community should act as the first responder before external help reaches the victims. This will reduce the work load on external agencies coming to help
3. Communities should be responsible to raise public awareness and bring about a behavioural change in disaster preparedness and mitigation
4. Communities should be responsible for deployment of stable, reliable and effective warning systems
5. It is the responsibility of the community to partner with media (radio & TV) in improving disaster awareness
6. The community is responsible for communicating and disseminating disaster warning to vulnerable people and set-up a community emergency operations centre (EOC).
7. Community Disaster Response Team (CDRT) is responsible for strengthening the existing role of District Emergency Organization (DEO)
8. Capacity building at social, economic and environmental levels

The roles of the community towards disaster management are listed below-

1.  Training
2. Planning
3. Early warning
4. Communication
5. Shelter
6. Search and rescue
7. Arrangement of food
8. Set-up of Public Distribution Centres
9. Set-up cultural groups to engage in awareness to build disaster preparedness
10. Fire prevention 
11. Initial damage assessment
12. Shelter management
13. Psychosocial support